Pranic Healing - What it is

Pranic Healing

Prana is the Sanskrit word for life, energy or spirit. The art of pranic healing is a method in which the practitioner manipulates energy fields around the body in order to promote healing from within. This technique developed by Master Choa Kok Sui is part of a new age "energy medicine" field that has its roots in ancient Eastern tradition. According to Kok Sui, the body is a self-repairing living entity that possesses the innate ability to heal itself. Teachers and practitioners of pranic healing encourage individuals to learn the art so that they can practice it on themselves, family and friends. With a little study and a lot of practice, most anyone can master the technique of pranic healing.

The body is surrounded by a bio-electromagnetic energy field commonly referred to as the aura. The aura absorbs and redistributes energy throughout the body. Illness and pain can occur when there are imbalances in this energy field. During a pranic healing session, negative energy is moved away and positive energy is moved into the body. The practitioner does not need to touch the individual, but uses their hands to move the energy around the aura. During a healing session, the individual lies down or sits comfortably in a chair. The patient is asked to relax and keep her mind open. The practitioner stands over her, and uses hand movements to sense imbalances and manipulate the energy throughout the aura. Several sessions might be required to bring about complete healing.

Scientific experiments conducted by Semyon Kirlian, a Russian scientist, confirm the existence of the energy field known as the aura. They also demonstrate how illnesses first manifest in the aura before they manifest in the physical body. From a scientific viewpoint, the changes in the energy field can affect certain chemical changes in the body. These little-known experiments suggest that by correcting imbalances found within the aura, illnesses can be prevented and even healed through energy medicine techniques.

To a layperson, pranic healing may sound similar to reiki. But there are crucial differences. Pranic healers believe that energizing without first cleansing is like pouring fresh coffee into a cup that contains leftover. Experts even report that reiki works better when preceded by cleansing techniques borrowed from pranic healing. It is only a matter of time before India becomes a pranic healing hotspot. A major indication of this is the construction of the first-ever pranic healing ashram in the world near Mumbai. Primarily a healing-cum-training center and spiritual retreat, the ashram will have facilities both for trainees and patients and will further Choa Kok Sui's one-line goal: "A pranic healer in every home." Many healers also affirm that the new millennium is going to see a descent of tremendous spiritual energies with India as the epicenter. Pranic healing, say ardent practitioners, will help people deal with these energies and the challenge and growth opportunity they will present. Ultimately, the thumb rule for making a final choice about pranic healing is: "You like it. It suits you. Move ahead with it." The underlying philosophy is rather simple: What counts is to be on the path. Does it really matter what finally got you there?

The main focus in the basic pranic healing training session is on how the chakras absorb, process and distribute prana. Out of the 360 chakras in the human body, pranic healing uses only 11. Choa Kok Sui also lists in his books the different ailments caused by malfunction of certain chakras. For instance, your child's nosebleed could be set right simply by cleansing and energizing the ajna or third eye chakra. Much of the real learning, however, begins with individual practice. The advanced course is a quantum leap for the healer. It involves the use of color pranas, visualization skills and the power of intention to produce better results. According to most traditional healing practices, colors have healing properties. Green, for instance, has a marked disinfecting effect. But there is more to pranic healing than mere cures. Says Krishnan Veerappan, founder trustee of the Delhi Pranic Healing Foundation (DPHF), New Delhi, India: "This method can also put you on the path of self-growth." The resultant personal transformation manifests gradually. Then, as awareness grows, you begin to notice small perception shifts. An important part of pranic healing is twin hearts meditation where you focus on the heart chakra and the crown chakra to bring about a deep inner transformation. But the journey into pranic healing is not always smooth. Many don't have a stomach for the deeper emotional work required. Healers have often seen a cured person return with the same problems. To effect permanent cure, the healer must work at underlying emotional causes and behavior patterns. This is where the final pranic healing course, Pranic Psychotherapy, comes in.

Here, the stress is on preventing, alleviating and treating psychological traumas and ailments. And the results sometimes border on the miraculous. For Deepak Bhalla, meeting healer and teacher Manu Roychowdhary, who is based at Noida in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, was a godsend. A paralytic stroke had affected Bhalla's left arm and leg four years back. Healing sessions with Roychowdhary put him in touch with the emotional causes that had triggered the stroke. From then on, the road to recovery was open. As Dr David Goheen, director of the Canada-based Global Institute that trains pranic healers, puts it: "The key to pranic healing is to suspend your disbelief."

Facts about Pranic Healing

• Pranic Healing is not intended to supplant orthodox medical treatment, but rather to complement it.
• Energy healing is an ancient method of treatment which originated in the Orient.
• Pranic Healing is the transfer of subtle energy from one person to another.
• Pranic Healing deals with physical, mental, emotional and spiritual disorders without the use of touch or drugs.
• Pranic Healing uses the auric and chakral energies both for diagnosis and for healing.
• Pranic Healing has been endorsed by many professionals in the "orthodox" health- care system, including medical doctors, nurses, psychologists, psychiatrists, care aids, mental health nurses, pharmacists, counsellors, as well as complimentary practitioners, native healers, naturopathic doctors, massage therapists, chinese medicine doctors, reflexologists, homeopaths, vetenaries, energy practitioners, chi kung masters, theraputic touch practitioners and chiropractors.
• Pranic Healing was introduced to Western Canada in 1993 by Duncan and Marilee [nee McLean] Goheen as well as Master Nona Castro who invited GrandMaster Choa Kok Sui from Manila. Since that time Global Harmony Health Corp. has taught over 1000 people to be first-level Pranic Healers as well as training and preparing advanced pranic practitioners and advanced pranic teachers to complete their requirements to be licenced through the Manila Pranic Healing Headquarters.

Download link of the book “Pranic Healing – Choa Kok Sui”
http://www.box.com/s/11ac86aa05adb2a05b36 

Down load link of the slide   “Introduction to Pranic Healing – Choa Kok Sui”    

www.bahaistudies.net/asma/pranichealing2.pdf       

References and gratitude

http://www.lifepositive.com/body/energy-healing/pranic-healing/prana.asp   

 http://www.livestrong.com/article/38665-pranic-healing-work/#ixzz1qTQGQEkk 

Meditation – Induced by Music

Meditation – Induced by Music

The lazy man's way to meditate

Listening to this amazing, scientifically proven brain technology gives you all the benefits of meditation—in a fraction of the time—easily and effortlessly...

Mind power is such a misunderstood topic that it’s not surprising that many people have a lot of misconceptions about it. Few people really understand what mind power really is, and there’s a lot of mis-information & urban legends out there in the web.
Mind power is about using the power of thought - your thoughts and beliefs - to manifest your reality.
It’s beyond positive thinking, although positive thinking does play a large part in harnessing your mind power.
Mind power involves using the power of your conscious and subconscious mind to manifest your reality and learning to use your brain waves to get into the most productive and optimal state of mind to achieve your goals.
It’s about understanding how to clear your mind of all negative, self-defeating and dis-empowering thought patterns and, at the same time, install new attitudes and thought patterns to take the right actions and steps to achieve your goals.
Simple as it sounds, that’s the secret behind the teachings of many spiritual teachers, eastern philosophies and mind power techniques.
Scientists have long known that when brainwave patterns change they affect the body. Chemical reactions take place as a direct result of these chnaging brainwave patterns. Such reactions in the body's chemistry usually results in profound positive changes throughout the whole physical system. In essence binaural beats appear to have the same impact and benefits of very deep meditation. It has been shown that this technology produces exactly the same brainwave patterns as those practicing deep meditation. This is fantastic news because without the aid of this audio technology it usually takes a lifetime to perfect transcendental meditation. In fact entering even light states of trance can take years to learn and perfect.
The enormous benefits of transcendental meditation been documented by scientists across the world. It can stimulate the creation of certain hormones needed by the body and reduce things like blood pressure and it is even said to slow down and reverse effects of the aging process. So the benefits of entering a deep meditative state are apparent as are the benefits of using binaural beat technology to do it.

As far as Holosync goes the other major benefit, as if we needed one more, is that the state produced by the Centerpointe recordings allow you to directly access the subconscious mind.

Beacuse of this you can use Centerpointe's Holosync Solution along with any other self improvement tool. Your old subliminal resordings or hypnosis CDs can have a greater impact than ever before. You can even use the sound technology to increase your visualization skills. Using this type of 21st Century technology means you can therefore alter limiting or negative beliefs, heal emotional issues or create new positive behaviours in a fraction of the time it would take you using conventional means and with a much higher success rate.

Here are some of the benefits of transcendental meditation:
1. Creates a deep relaxing feeling throughout the body which stays with you for hours afterwards.
2. Boosts your creativity.
3. Slows aging.
4. Removes emotional blocks, old traumas and creates profound emotional changes at an extremely deep level.
5. Eliminates Stress & anxiety.

Now with all the benefits that transcendental meditation brings, and the fact that Holosync produces the same internal states as this meditation, it would be extremely prudent to try it. The real power of the binaural beats behind the Holosync recordings is that they can be used to induce a meditative state and thus create these changes with no effort whatsoever. All that you need to do is wear stereo headphones, sit or lie down in a relaxing position, close your eyes and allow the audio to do all the work. You only need the discipline to listen to the recordings everyday!

The Binaural Beat market is filling up with manufacturer's who offer some great titles. It is also possible to create your own with the proper software. However, this is where the danger lies! You need an in-depth knowledge of brainwave patterns and their effect on the mind and body in order to create the correct frequencies. There are several forum postings that state the improper use of binaural beat technologies has created negative and even damaging results on some people. This is why it is imperative to seek out professionals who know what they are doing and are properly qualified.

The CEnterpointe Research Institute, and the Holosync Solution which it produces, are the brainchild of Bill Harris. He created Holosync in 1989, is trained in hypnosis and as well as being a qualified trainer of NLP (Neuro Linguistic Programming). He has studied contemporary psychology, quantum mechanical physics, the evolution of non-linear systems and the effects of a wide range of neuro-technologies on human behavioural change, evolution and healing. There are many personal development and self improvement coaches who endorse and personally use the Holosync Solution. You may recognise two of them - James Ray from the movie The Secret and Jack Canfield, author of Chicken Soup for the Soul.
The downside of the Holosync technology is that you need to listen to it everyday to get maximum benefit and it also comes in stages as a course. However, Bill Harris insists that you do not need to continue using it and can stop after each stage of the course is complete while permanently retaining all the changes you've made. It is possible, and advisable, to continue through all the stages of the course to reach a place of imperturbabilty. The Holosync solution, by Centerpointe, does create deep states akin to meditation and it does remove emotional traumas that are hidden deep in the subconscious mind. In fact it does exactly what it says it will do.

Here we have put two sample music for the beginners

Listen to sample 1 (dive)  for 14 days then

After 14 days, listen to The Dive followed by sample 2 ( Immersion), making a one-hour listening session.

Repeat this cycle for three times

Sample 1   dive

Download    http://www.divshare.com/download/17134640-01d  

Sample 2  immersion


Download   http://www.divshare.com/download/17134721-47a  

Meditaton - Benefits

Meditation – an Easy Way

Meditation has many health benefits and is a wonderful way to relieve stress and maintain a healthier lifestyle. The benefits of meditation are manifold because it can reverse your stress resonse, thereby shielding you from the effects of chronic stress. When practicing meditation, your heart rate and breathing slow down, your blood pressure normalizes, you use oxygen more efficiently, and you sweat less. Your adrenal glands produce less cortison, your mind ages at a slower rate, and your immune function improves. Your mind also clears and your creativity increases. People who meditate regularly find it easier to give up life-damaging habits like smoking, drinking and drugs. Meditation research is still new, but promising.
There are many different ways to meditate, and this is one of the most basic.

Meditation can be practiced in many different ways. While there are numerous different meditation techniques, a common thread runs through virtually all meditative techniques:

·         Quiet Mind: With meditation, your thinking mind becomes quiet. You stop focusing on the stressors of your day or your life’s problems, as well as solving these problems. You just let that voice in your head be quiet, which is easier said than done. For example, start thinking about nothing now. (It’s OK; I’ll wait.) If you’re not practiced at quieting your mind, it probably didn’t take long before thoughts crept in.

·         Being In The Now: Rather than focusing on the past or the future, virtually all meditative pracgtices involve focusing on right now. This involves experiencing each moment and letting it go, experiencing the next. This, too, takes practice, as many of us live most of our lives thinking toward the

·         Altered State of Consciousness: With time, maintaining a quiet mind and focus on the present can lead to an altered level of consciousness that isn’t a sleeping state but isn’t quite your average wakeful state, either. Meditation increases brain activity in an area of the brain associated with happiness and positive thoughts and emotions, and some evidence shows that regular practice brings prolonged positive changes in these areas. future or relishing and rehashing the past.

With practice, you can use the technique given below to feel inner peace whenever you need it.

Here’s how:

Difficulty: Easy

Time Required: 5 to 30 Minutes

Here's How:

1.    Get into a comfortable position. Many people like to sit in a comfortable chair, or cross-legged on the ground. You want to be able to completely relax while still staying awake.

2.    Close your eyes.

3.    Clear your head. (This is the part that takes practice.) The idea is to stay unattached to thoughts of any kind. That means that, if that inner narrative voice in your mind speaks up, gently “shush” it and opt for internal silence.

4.    That’s it. Keep letting go of any thoughts that may pop into your mind, and the quiet spaces between thoughts will become longer and more frequent.

Now You’re on the road of meditation!

Tips:

1.    Give it time. Meditation often takes practice. If you’re expecting to do it ‘perfectly’, you may actually create more stress for yourself than you relieve, and you won’t want to stick with it.

2.    Start with shorter sessions—like five minutes—and work your way up to longer sessions—like 30. With practice, this type of meditation becomes easier and more effective.
3.       If the experience is frustrating for you and you don’t really want to continue, you may find more success with other types of meditation .

4.    Pros Of Meditation:

5.    Meditation is wonderful in that it’s free, always available, and amazingly effective in short-term stress reduction and long-term health. Benefits can be felt in just one session. An experienced teacher can be helpful, but isn't absolutely necessary.

6.    The Cons of Meditation:

7.       It does take some practice, however, and some people find it difficult to "get it" in the beginning. It also requires a little patience, and may be difficult for people with little free time.

Shri Shri Chandi Path

Sri Sri Chandipath in mp3

Legend has it that Goddess Durga meditated on the tip of a needle for nine days/nights (Navaratri) in penance
to destroy Mahisha, the Asura. On the tenth day (dashami) she slew him.

The Devi Mahatmyam (Glory of the divine Mother) also known as Chandi is divided into 13 chapters and
consists of 700 mantras and hence called the Saptashati. Three aspects of the Universal Mother are
described in this work.
Chapter1 - Mahakali
Chapters 2 to 4 - Mahalakshmi
Chapters 5 to 13 - Mahasaraswati

This work is widely recited during the Navaratri Festival by Hindus world wide. In this recording, Swami
Sarvaganand introduces the Chandi in three languages. The rendering has been scrupulously done with
correct diction and pronunciation. Swami Jagdiswarananda,in the translation, has taken great care to ensure
that the devotee gets it absolutely right. For the sake of the proper chanting (Paaraayana) of the entire work, he
has added selected slokas in meditation and salutation of Chandika in the beginning and at the end, a hymn
seeking forgiveness for omissions and wrong reading.

Sri Sri Chandi Path (1 of 22) Part 1 ..(Chapter-1)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (2 of 22) Part 2 ..(Chapter-1)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (3 of 22) Part 3 ..(Chapter-1)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (4 of 22) Part 4 ..(Chapter-1)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (5 of 22) Part 5 ..(Chapter 1)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (6 of 22) Part 6

Sri Sri Chandi Path (7 of 22) Part 7.. (Chapter-2)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (8 of 22) Part 8 ..(Chapter-3)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (9 of 22) Part 9

Sri Sri Chandi Path (10 of 22) Part 10..(Chapter-3)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (11 of 22) Part 11..(Chapter-4)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (12 of 22) Part 12.. (Chapter-5)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (13 of 22) Part 13 ...(Chapter-5)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (14 of 22) Part 14...(Chapter-6)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (15 of 22) Part 15 ..(Chapter -7)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (16 of 22) Part 16 ...(Chaptet-8)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (17 of 22) Part 17 ..(Chapter-8)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (18 of 22) Part 18 ..(Chapter-9)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (19 of 22) Part 19 ..(Chapter-10)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (20 of 22) part 20 .(Chapter-11)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (21 of 22) Part 21.. (Chapter-12)

Sri Sri Chandi Path (22 of 22) Part 21.. (Chapter-13)

 

(taken from the website http://kanchanmomoni.com  

Youtube link     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZYDLDIyZr8     )

History of Electronics III

Contd from

Previous blog links
Discovery of Electron
http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/history-of-electronics.html 

Invention of Wireless Telegraphy
http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/history-of-electronics-ii_18.html 

How old is the electronics?

Who can say?
How can we say that when the electronics started? The answer is very difficult.
As long as the memory goes back we can say that in Greek and Indian mythology the people having extraordinary power were able to send message very quickly. So, what was the basis of that technology? Were they using any kind of wireless devices, whose components are electronic as today’s wireless devices. What ever it may be there is no clear idea of those technologies or no proof that whether they were using those things.

History of Electronics is as old as history of civilization itself.

In the 21st century we are enjoying well developed electronics. In some form or the other everyday we deal with the electronic devices several times. So why we are interested to look at the past? Because it is required. Like the history of a nation from which its people get inspired (or learn something from their past faults) the history of any science inspires its future generations. Even more than that those who spent their whole life for the inventions/discoveries, they did not do that for themselves rather they did it for the whole society, the whole world. So we should tribute them. This electronic world was not just the effort of some years or decades, rather it is the result of the hard work of great minds since ages. So now it is the time to remember them.

In our present discussion we shall start from the discovery of Electron.

Download the PPT file on History of Electronics

http://www.divshare.com/download/17064622-b54 

view the slide show



In the series of articles to follow we shall go in the order given below:

1. CATHODE RAYS AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON -- Crookes, Braun, Roentgen, Thomson, Millikan


2. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY: Hertz, Branly, Lodge, Marconi


3. VACUUM TUBES: Edison, Fleming, De Forest, Coolidge, Schottky, Langmuir.


4. RADIO: Fessenden, Armstrong, Hazeltine, Black.


5. TELEVISION CATHODE RAYS AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON: Baird, Farnesworth, Zworykin.


6. RADAR: Watson-Watt, Loomis, Rabi, Alvarez, Purcell, Dicke.


7. ELECTRONS AND WAVES: Boltzmann, Planck, DeBroglie, Schrödinger, Fermi, Dirac, Bloch, Peierls, Wilson.


8. TRANSISTORS: Southworth, Ohl, Lark-Horovitz, Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen.

VacuumTubes

The Edison effect, the appearance of an electric current flowing between a heated cathode and an anode in an evacuated tube, was a mysterious phenomenon when it was discovered in 1882; it was not understood how electric current could pass through a vacuum. Thomson's identification of cathode rays as streams of electrons resolved the mystery and led to the invention of the thermionic diode by Fleming. The diode, intended to serve as a rectifier to detect radiotelegraphic signals, had little impact as the coherer, invented by Branly and Lodge, and crystal and magnetic detectors continued to be used. The invention of the triode by DeForest, however, did revolutionize radio communication.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was owner or co-owner of a record 1,093 patents. He also invented the modern industrial research laboratory. In 1882, when one of his engineers, William Hammer, observed the "Edison Effect" during the course of experiments about the incandescent lamp, Edison, for reasons which he could not later explain, uncharacteristically did not follow up on the discovery. But, as he later admitted, at the time he did not even understand Ohm's law. The Edison effect remained an unexplained curiosity for fifteen years until the discovery of the electron.

John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) had a remarkable career which spanned the first seventy-five years of the development of electronics. Fleming was a student of Maxwell’s who later worked as a consultant for Edison and then Marconi. In 1904, following Edison’s observation of the passage of current from the filament to an anode in a light bulb and J.J. Thomson’s discovery that cathode rays consisted of charged particles, Fleming invented and patented the first electronic rectifier, the diode, or Fleming Valve. The device was intended for use in detecting the spark-generated radio waves of the time, replacing the other devices used by the pioneers of radio communication. Fleming was knighted in 1929.

Lee De Forest(1873-1961), son of a Congregational minister who was president of the Talledega College for Negroes in Alabama, lived a long life full of controversy. He was defrauded by partners, was involved in numerous patent suits, went through two divorces, and once was indicted (but later acquitted) for mail fraud for seeking to sell a worthless device (his audion tube), De Forest held more than 300 patents but is most remembered for initiating the electronic revolution with his 1906 invention of the audion tube, a three-element vacuum tube in which the grid controlled the current, which made modern radio possible. In 1912 he conceived the idea of cascading triodes to achieve high amplification and also independently discovered regenerative feedback.

William D. Coolidge (1873-1975), an electrical engineering graduate of MIT and the University of Leipzig, joined the General Electric Research Lab after a brief career in Academia. In 1911, he succeeded in fabricating a ductile form of tungsten which provided the filaments for modern incandescent lamps and also patented a thoriated cathode with improved emission for use in vacuum tubes. In 1913 Coolidge invented a hot-tungsten filament x-ray tube which provided a more penetrating and reliable source for radiology. The "Coolidge tube" became the standard generator of medical x-rays.

Walter Schottky (1886-1976) discovered the random noise due to the irregular arrival of electrons at the anode of thermionic tubes that is called "shot noise" (Schottky effect) in 1914 while studying under Planck in Berlin. Schottky was Swiss, but he was educated and spent his professional career in Germany. In 1919 he invented the first multiple grid vacuum tube, the tetrode. Schottky obtained multiple doctoral degrees, taught at universities from 1920 to 1927, and then worked for Siemans for nearly five decades. He was the first to note the existence of "holes" in the band structure of semiconductors, discovered the type of lattice vacancy known as the Schottky defect, and in 1938 created a theory that explained rectification at a metal/semiconductor interface.

Irving Langmuir (1881-1957), son of a struggling Brooklyn businessman, showed a precocious interest in Science. He received his degrees in Chemistry, but, tiring of the endless round teaching elementary courses and paper grading required of professors, left academia and went to the General Electric Research Laboratory. His work on molecular films won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932, and his studies on hot filaments in gases became the basis for improvements in incandescent lighting and a huge industry. His discoveries about the emission of electrons from cathodes and their behavior in vacuum tubes formed the basis for the design of a variety of tube types.

Previous links

Discovery of Electron
http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/history-of-electronics.html

Invention of Wireless Telegraphy
http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/history-of-electronics-ii_18.html

History of Electronics II

It may seem mundane to us today, but to audiences at popular scientific lectures, the glow in this simple cathode tube was eerie, and to physicists it presented a challenging mystery.

Wireless Telegraphy

Contd from previous blog  
http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/history-of-electronics.html

view the slide show

Maxwell’s equation

Maxwell's 1865 publication of  a theory which unified electrodynamics, magnetodynamics, and optics had seemingly little impact in Britain where it was not widely accepted.   Surprisingly, during the remaining fourteen years of his life, Maxwell, who was a skillful experimentalist, did not attempt to verify the existence of the electromagnetic waves that his theory predicted. However, the leading German scientist of the period, von Helmholtz, believed the Maxwell theory and he set his pupil Hertz on the track of producing and detecting electromagnetic radiation, opening the path to wireless communication.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), a professor of physics at Karlsruhe Polytechnic, was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves in the laboratory. Between 1885 and 1889, he used spark discharges to produce electromagnetic waves. Hertz's radiator consisted of a pair of aligned rods, with a spark gap between them and capacitative plates at their ends. His receiver was a loop of wire with a small gap across which a small spark could be observed when the radiator discharged. Herz died suddenly of a brain tumor when he was thirty six, perhaps never realizing that transmission and reception over long distances was possible.

Edouard Eugène Désiré Branly (1844-1940) is revered in France as the inventor of wireless telegraphy.  In 1890, Branly, a professor of Physics at the Catholic University of Paris, discovered that when exposed to even a distant spark transmission field, loose zinc and silver filings would cohere and provide a path of increased conductivity that could be used to detect the presence of the transmission. The "coherer" took radio transmission out of the laboratory and made communication over long distances possible.

Oliver Joseph Lodge (1851-1940) held the chair in Physics at the University College in Liverpool when he demonstrated a practical form of the Branly coherer in 1894. Lodge added a device that shook the filings loose between spark receptions. It became a standard device in early wireless telegraphy.  Lodge also obtained the first patents for the use of tuned circuits to adjust the frequency of receivers and transmitters. After 1900, however, Lodge devoted himself to psychic research and attempts to communicate with the dead. In 1902 he was appointed the first principal of the new Birmingham University.

Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) failed the entrance exams to the Italian Naval Academy and the University of Bologna but was allowed by a family friend to attend lectures and laboratory at the university. In 1896, at age twenty-two, he patented a successful system of radio telegraphy . In the following years he introduced a notable series of inventions and ingenious redesigns of transmitting and receiving system components. In 1901 Marconi succeeded in receiving signals transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. It may be fairly said that Marconi single-handedly advanced the development of radio telegraphy by decades. Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy Company soon established a net of coast stations in Britain for ship-to-shore communication

These were taken over by the British General Post Office in 1910, but for more than a decade the Marconi Company enjoyed a monopoly on maritime radio equipment sales by virtue of an agreement with Lloyds of London to only insure ships that used their equipment.   In 1909 Marconi received the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Prev  Cathode Ray and Discovery of electron   
http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/history-of-electronics.html  

Next History of Invention of Vacuum Tubes

History of Electronics

History of Electronics


download the PPT file on History of Electronics

http://www.divshare.com/download/17064622-b54

View Slide Show on Developement of Electronics Science
  

I. CATHODE RAYS AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON: Crookes, Braun, Roentgen, Thomson, Millikan
II. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY: Hertz, Branly, Lodge, Marconi
III. VACUUM TUBES: Edison, Fleming, De Forest, Coolidge, Schottky, Langmuir
IV. RADIO: Fessenden, Armstrong, Hazeltine, Black
V. TELEVISION: Baird, Farnesworth, Zworykin
VI. RADAR: Watson-Watt, Loomis, Rabi, Alvarez, Purcell, Dicke
VII. ELECTRONS AND WAVES: Boltzmann, Planck, DeBroglie, Schrödinger, Fermi, Dirac, Bloch, Peierls, Wilson

VIII. Transistors:  Southworth, Ohl , Lark-Horovitz, Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen

Cathode Rays & the Discovery of the Electron

Although many of the pioneers of 19th Century physics, including Faraday, were convinced on the basis of chemistry and the phenomena observed in electrolysis that electric current consisted of the flow of particles of charge, the nature of these charges was not understood. Even the basic question of whether the charge of the particles was positive or negative remained undetermined. The answers to these questions, and to the basic structure of matter, were resolved by experiments that began with the study of electric discharges in evacuated tubes. Along the way a series of discoveries were made which led to the technological revolution of the 20th Century.

William Crookes (1832-1919), heir at an early age to a large fortune, carried out his investigations in a private laboratory. His studies of electrical discharges in gases, which followed the development of the cathode ray tube by Pluecker and Hittorf, and his observations of cathode rays and the dark space at the cathode led to the discovery of x-rays and of the electron. Crookes also invented the radiometer, whose eventual explication verified the kinetic theory of gases. Curiously, Crookes was a believer in the occult and in the 1870’s claimed to have verified the authenticity of psychic phenomena. Later he became involved in the Theosophical Movement and there are references to his having exorcised demons. In 1897 Crookes was knighted by Queen Victoria (who is also reputed to have had an interest in the occult) and in 1909 was elected president of the Royal Society.

Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850-1918) was director of the Physical Institute and a professor of Physics at the University of Strasbourg when he demonstrated the first cathode ray tube oscillograph, guiding a narrow stream of electrons to a fluorescent screen and presaging the modern television screen. Although little remembered today, Braun made several important contributions. He discovered that rectification occurs at a crystal/metal junction, leading to the introduction of crystal receivers. In 1899, he introduced (sparkless) inductive coupling to antennas and the first directive beam antenna. He received the Nobel Prize in 1909 along with Guglielmo Marconi. Braun was in New York to testify in a patent suit when the United States entered World War I; he was interned as an enemy alien and died before the war ended.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845 -1923) was 44 years old, head of the Physical Institute and recently retired Rector (President) of the University of Wurzburg when, in November, 1895, he discovered that some unknown radiation coming from a Crookes tube could cause crystals to fluoresce, pass through solid objects, and affect photographic plates. Working alone, sometimes sleeping in his laboratory, and maintaining great secrecy, he completed his research and eight weeks later announced his discovery. The scientific and medical implications of his work were immediately recognized and reported world-wide following its publication on New Year’s Day in 1896. Within a few weeks some hospitals began to use x-rays. Roentgen became one of the most renowned scientists in the world. He received many honors, including the first Nobel prize in Physics and an offer (refused) to be raised to the nobility.



J(oseph) J(ohn) Thomson (1856-1940), the son of a Manchester bookseller, entered college at fourteen and at twenty-eight was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and appointed to the Chair of Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory. His great discovery occurred in 1897 during the course of his investigations of cathode rays. Thomson provided convincing evidence that the rays consisted of charged particles; he measured the ratio of charge to mass and was able to estimate that the mass was equal to about 1/1800 of the mass of a hydrogen atom. His discovery of the electron won the Nobel Prize in 1906 and he was knighted two years later. Thomson was described by Rutherford as having "a most radiating smile, … when he is scoring off anyone."

Robert A. Millikan (1868 -1953) began his career as a classics major at Oberlin College, but agreed to teach Physics in order to earn more money. When he was offered a fellowship in Physics at Columbia he accepted, but again only because it was the best offer he could get financially. His academic career at the University of Chicago was at first devoted to teaching and administration and he did not begin to do research seriously until he was almost forty. Then, in 1906 he began to devise a series of improvements to the Thomson experiment that led to the oil-drop apparatus in which the charge of the electron was measured conclusively. His results were published in 1910 and the last resistance to the atomic theory of matter was dispelled. In 1914 he published the results of the research for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize - the direct determination of Plank’s constant using the photoelectric effect - verifying the 1905 Einstein theory of the photoelectric effect and the quantum nature of light.

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Cascode Amplifier - A Short Note

Cascode Amplifier  -  Fundamentals

Cascode amplifier is a two stage circuit consisting of a transconductance amplifier followed by a buffer amplifier. The word “cascode” was originated from the phrase “cascade to cathode”. This circuit have a lot of advantages over the single stage amplifier like, better input output isolation, better gain, improved bandwidth, higher input impedance, higher output impedance, better stability, higher slew rate etc. The reason behind the increase in bandwidth is the reduction of Miller effect. Cascode amplifier is generally constructed using FET ( field effect transistor) or BJT ( bipolar junction transistor). One stage will be usually wired in common source/common emitter mode and the other stage will be wired in common base/ common emitter mode.

Miller effect.

Miller effect is actually the multiplication of the drain to source stray capacitance by the voltage gain. The drain to source stray capacitance always reduces the bandwidth and when it gets multiplied by the voltage gain the situation is made further worse. Mulitiplication of stray capacitance increases the effective input capacitance and as we know, for an amplifier, the increase in input capacitance increases the lower cut of frequency and that means reduced bandwidth. Miller effect can be reduced by adding a current buffer stage at the output of the amplifier or by adding a voltage buffer stage before the input.

FET Cascode amplifier.

                                                    FET Cascode Amplifier - Basic Circuit

The circuit diagram of a typical Cascode amplifier using FET is shown above. The input stage of the circuit is an FET common source amplifier and the input voltage (Vin) is applied to its gate. The output stage is an FET common gate amplifier which is driven by the input stage. Rd is the drain resistance of the output stage. Output voltage (Vout) is taken from the drain terminal of Q2. Since the gate of Q2 is grounded, FET Q2′s source voltage and the FET Q1′s drain voltage are held almost constant. That means the upper FET Q2 offers a low input resistance to the lower FET Q1. This reduces the gain of lower FET Q1 and as a result the Miller effect also gets reduced which results in increased bandwidth. The reduction in gain of the lower FET Q1 does not affect the overall gain because the upper FET Q2 compensates it. The upper FET Q2 is not affected by the Miller effect because the charging and discharging of the drain to source stray capacitance is carried out through the drain resistor and the load and the frequency response if affected only for high frequencies (well over the audio range).

In Cascode configuration, the output is well isolated from the input. Q1 has almost constant voltage at the drain and source terminals while Q2 has almost constant voltage at its source and gate terminals and practically there is nothing to feed back from the output to input. The only points with importance in terms of voltage are the input and output terminals and they are well isolated by a central connection of constant voltage.

Practical Cascode amplifier circuit.

                                                          Practical cascode amplifier circuit

A practical Cascode amplifier circuit based on FET is shown above. Resistors R4 and R5 form a voltage divider biasing network for the FET Q2. R3 is the drain resistor for Q2 and it limits the drain current. R2 is the source resistor of Q1 and C1 is its by-pass capacitor. R1 ensures zero voltage at the gate of Q1 during zero signal condition.

Fish oil – Excellent Nutrient for Heart and Skin

Fish oil – Excellent Nutrient for Heart and Skin

Fish oil is probably the most important dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are vital nutrients. These fatty acids reduce inflammation, protect against the abnormal clotting associated with heart attacks, inhibit cancer, and protect brain function. There may be other benefits, too: a 1992 study published in the journal Lancet, for example, suggested that omega-3 fatty acids prolong pregnancy by a few days and improve birth weights.

The basic building blocks of our brain cells are essential fatty acids such as EPA and DHA from fish oil. These fatty acids are also used as fuel for brain metabolism and help control the chronic inflammatory processes involved in degenerative brain disorders.

Salmon oil mainly contains omega-3 fatty acids. This is considered to be an excellent way to boost up the HDL in the blood. There are many benefits and uses of salmon oil and generally side effects are uncommon. After many a research and discoveries that followed, salmon oil has proven to be excellent and extremely essential for health. In other words, salmon oil is known to be very advantageous for health, at almost every stage of life.

Wild Salmon Oil benefits include natural Astaxanthin (not synthetic). It is the primary carotenoid pigment that gives salmon its rich pink color, and it is a powerful antioxidant.

Wild Salmon Oil inhibits at least two of the major causes of skin aging: It reverses skin aging by inhibiting inflammation. And it protects the skin from photo-aging (sun skin aging).

Photo-aging is what causes skin on the face to age faster than skin on the buttocks, which are rarely exposed to solar radiation. Studies show omega-three oils to improve resistance to sunburn.

Salmon is called Brain Food because it contains DHA, an omega-3 oil that makes up much of the brain's tissue structure. DHA is required for normal brain structure.

Brains deficient in DHA will substitute other fatty acids, causing cumulative deformities in brain structure. DHA supplementation can reverse those deformities. It is a good idea to take the best fish oil supplement any time a "bad" fat is eaten.

One study showed that rats fed a diet low in DHA had brain damage that passed down to their offspring.

Studies show that as little as 200 mg per day of DHA supplements can improve I.Q. and reverse learning disabilities.

Wild Salmon Oil benefits:

• skin conditions such as inflammation or dry skin *

• "wrinkle cure" for wrinkled scaly skin *

• internal moisturizing *

• brain structure *

• cognitive function *

• ocular nutrition *

• cardiovascular system *

• joint health *

• internal organs *

• hair and nails *

• best fish oil supplement for omega three *

Salmon oil is used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Researchers believe that it is very useful as a measure of protection against heart attack.

Salmon oil is said to be a very good supply of essential nutrients for the body, as the oil supplements are known to be very beneficial for eyesight.

Salmon oil is known to reduce the 'bad' cholesterol in the body as it increases the HDL in the blood.

Inflammation in the body can cause excruciating pain, discomfort and decreased mobility. This is yet another benefit of salmon oil - it helps in reducing the inflammation.

Salmon oil is also packed with essential fatty acids. These help in the reduction of the symptoms of diseases such as asthma, gallstones, psoriasis, arthritis, atherosclerosis, Crohn's disease, etc. Studies have shown that children who consume fresh salmon fish regularly have a lower risk of developing asthma than others who generally avoid the consumption of fish.

Salmon oil is also known to prevent prostate cancer.

It also helps in reducing the chances of breast cancer.

Research has shown that the right intake of salmon oil also reduces the feeling of depression. Low levels of intake have shown high level of depression between people as compared to those who consumed this at least twice a week.

A high intake of salmon oil is also linked to a decline in the suffering caused by Alzheimer's disease. Low levels of it can cause frequent memory losses later on in life.

Salmon oil also helps in lowering high blood pressure.

One of the other benefits of salmon oil is that it reduces the pain caused by menstrual cramps.

The wild variety of salmon oil is a rich source of amino acids that aids metabolism as well as cellular, muscular and osteal recuperation.

The wild variety is also a grand source of vitamins A, B, B6, D and E which basically boosts your body circulation and immunity.

Uses of Salmon Oil

Omega-3 fish oil has uses that are far reaching. The most popular use of salmon oil is in its role as a natural and effective pain reliever. It is also one of the safest kinds available. Therefore, it is used in numerous medications. Drugs that used omega-3 fish oil proved to be more effective for people suffering from inflammatory diseases, respiratory diseases, etc.
Salmon oil is also unique because it provides an added boost of omega-3s compared to any other kind of oil. It is the most complete omega-3 fish oil supplement.

When taking an intake of salmon oil supplements, moderation is the keyword. The supplements are very useful for brain development and memory function. It enhances the power of recall and also aids concentration levels. Salmon oil capsules need to be taken under medical supervision to ensure you have the right balance. In some cases, there have been side effects such as a fishy taste, belching problems and nausea. But with proper instructions, even these can be diminished.

Salmon oil is a miracle food that helps us maintain a healthy body due to all its beneficial properties. The uses of salmon oil are aplenty and it is only a matter of correct usage that will give us the best effects in the long run.